{"id":3392,"date":"2017-09-13T21:05:07","date_gmt":"2017-09-13T13:05:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.systemsci.org\/jinshanw\/?p=3392"},"modified":"2017-09-15T08:49:41","modified_gmt":"2017-09-15T00:49:41","slug":"%e8%83%bd%e7%9c%8b%e5%88%b0%e5%85%89%e6%98%af%e5%a4%9a%e4%b9%88%e7%a5%9e%e5%a5%87%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%8b%e6%83%85%e5%95%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.systemsci.org\/jinshanw\/2017\/09\/13\/%e8%83%bd%e7%9c%8b%e5%88%b0%e5%85%89%e6%98%af%e5%a4%9a%e4%b9%88%e7%a5%9e%e5%a5%87%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%8b%e6%83%85%e5%95%8a\/","title":{"rendered":"\u80fd\u770b\u5230\u5149\u662f\u591a\u4e48\u795e\u5947\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u554a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u968f\u673a\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\uff0c\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65f6\u523b\u51fa\u5c04\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u5411\u7740\u4efb\u610f\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4e5f\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u540c\u6837\u5927\u5c0f\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\uff1b\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u662f\uff0c\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u6982\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5e45\u7684\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u4e0a\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7684\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5e45\u52a0\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\uff08\u91cf\u5b50\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u8bed\u8a00\uff0c\u79f0\u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5e45\u7684\u201c\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\u201d\u4e3a\u5bc6\u5ea6\u77e9\u9635\uff09\u3002\u5927\u6982\u6765\u8bf4\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e
\n\\begin{align}
\n\\rho^{c} = \\frac{1}{Z}\\int d\\Omega \\left|\\theta, \\phi\\rangle\\langle \\theta, \\phi\\right| \\\\
\n\\rho^{q} = \\frac{1}{Z}\\left(\\int d\\Omega \\left|\\theta, \\phi\\right\\rangle\\right)\\left(\\int d\\Omega \\left\\langle \\theta, \\phi\\right|\\right)
\n\\end{align}
\n\u8fd9\u4e9b\u516c\u5f0f\u90fd\u662f\u793a\u610f\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u4ec5\u4ec5\u8868\u793a\u524d\u8005\u662f\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u662f\u6982\u7387\u5e45\u76f8\u52a0\u7684\u610f\u601d\u3002\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u770b\u8fd9\u4e24\u79cd\u89e3\u91ca\u54ea\u4e00\u79cd\u6bd4\u8f83\u6709\u9053\u7406\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6211\u4eec\u7528\u5b83\u4eec\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u773c\u775b\u770b\u5230\u5149\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u7684\u5149\u7684\u72b6\u6001\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6211\u4eec\u5148\u6765\u770b\u7b2c\u4e00\u79cd\u2014\u2014\u6982\u7387\u7ec4\u5408\u3002\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u7684\u773c\u775b\u80fd\u591f\u770b\u5230\u5149\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5f88\u597d\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u6b63\u597d\u90a3\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u8dd1\u5411\u4e86\u90a3\u8fb9\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u5c31\u521a\u597d\u88ab\u63a2\u6d4b\u5230\u4e86\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u95f4\u95f4\u9694\u5185\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u5730\u65b9\u90fd\u4e0d\u4f1a\u63a2\u6d4b\u5230\u5149\u5b50\u3002\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u7ecf\u5178\u968f\u673a\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u2014\u2014\u4f8b\u5982\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u89c2\u6d4b\u4e00\u4e2a\u968f\u673a\u7684\u786c\u5e01\u53d1\u73b0\u662f\u6b63\u9762\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u521a\u597d\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u6b63\u9762\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u7528\u53bb\u62c5\u5fc3\u90a3\u53cd\u9762\u7684\u51e0\u7387\u4e0a\u54ea\u91cc\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u600e\u4e48\u4f1a\u6d88\u5931\u4e86\u7684\u8fd9\u4ef6\u4e8b\u60c5\u2014\u2014\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u62c5\u5fc3\u5176\u4ed6\u5730\u65b9\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u8dd1\u5230\u54ea\u91cc\u53bb\u4e86\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u90a3\u4e9b\u5730\u65b9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u6709\u5149\u5b50\u5230\u8fbe\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u771f\u7684\u6709\u5149\u5b50\u8dd1\u5230\u4e86\u90a3\u4e9b\u65b9\u5411\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u7531\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u5b9e\u9645\u63a2\u6d4b\u5230\u5149\u5b50\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u53c8\u9700\u8981\u4ece\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5411\u6d88\u5931\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u201c\u584c\u7f29\u201d\u5230\u6b63\u597d\u88ab\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n

\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u56de\u5230\u6c34\u6ce2\u7684\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u5982\u679c\u6c34\u6ce2\u4e0a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4e5f\u770b\u5230\u4e86\u7c7b\u4f3c\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u77f3\u5934\u6254\u8fdb\u53bb\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u53d1\u73b0\u4e86\u6c34\u6ce2\uff0c\u4f46\u662f\u5176\u4ed6\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5411\u6ca1\u6709\u6c34\u6ce2\u2014\u2014\u5219\uff0c\u80af\u5b9a\u9700\u8981\u95ee\u4e0a\u9762\u90a3\u4e2a\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u6c34\u6ce2\u96be\u9053\u5c31\u771f\u7684\u201c\u584c\u7f29\u201d\u5230\u4e86\u521a\u597d\u88ab\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u5417\uff1f\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u6709\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7269\u8d28\u6ce2\u800c\u975e\u4ecb\u8d28\u6ce2\u7684\u6548\u679c\u2014\u2014\u80fd\u591f\u63a7\u5236\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e2a\u5149\u5b50\u6765\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u4ecb\u8d28\u6765\u4ea7\u751f\u632f\u52a8\u6765\u4f20\u64ad\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ecb\u8d28\u6ce2\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u662f\u6709\u95ee\u9898\u7684\uff1a\u771f\u7684\u9700\u8981\u89e3\u51b3\u77ac\u95f4\u201c\u584c\u7f29\u201d\u5982\u4f55\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u521d\u59cb\u7684\u7528\u6c34\u6ce2\u6765\u5f53\u505a\u5149\u6ce2\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u5c1d\u8bd5\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u4e0a\u9762\u5df2\u7ecf\u63d0\u5230\u4e86\uff0c\u628a\u4ecb\u8d28\u6ce2\u6539\u6210\u6982\u7387\u6ce2\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u89e3\u51b3\u8fd9\u4e2a\u77ac\u95f4\u201c\u584c\u7f29\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u662f\u4e0d\u662f\u6982\u7387\u6ce2\u5c31\u662f\u5bf9\u7684\u5462\uff1f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u9700\u8981\u505a\u4e00\u4e2a\u53eb\u505a\u53cc\u7f1d\u5e72\u6d89\u6216\u8005Which-way\u5b9e\u9a8c\u6765\u8bc1\u660e\u6982\u7387\u6ce2\u6a21\u578b\u4e5f\u662f\u9519\u7684\u3002\u5982\u679c\u662f\u6982\u7387\u6ce2\uff0c\u5047\u8bbe\u6211\u4eec\u4ec5\u4ec5\u53d6\u6574\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u6765\u505a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u2014\u2014\u5728\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u5404\u81ea\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f1d\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u90fd\u6321\u4f4f\u3002\u5148\u6d4b\u91cf\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6253\u5f00\u4e00\u4e2a\u7f1d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\uff0c\u5f97\u5230\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f1d\u5230\u8fbe\u5c4f\u5e55\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u4e00\u4e2a\u5149\u5b50\u8fbe\u5230\u5c4f\u5e55\u7684\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u6837\u5f97\u5230\u4e24\u4e2a\u5206\u5e03\u51fd\u6570\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u5728\u8003\u8651\u6982\u7387\u53e0\u52a0\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e8b\u60c5\u6709\u4e24\u79cd\u4e92\u65a5\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u7b49\u4e8e\u4e24\u4e2a\u7ed3\u679c\u7684\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u6253\u5f00\u4e24\u4e2a\u7f1d\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u2014\u2014\u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u5206\u522b\u6253\u5f00\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u7684\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u52a0\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7ed3\u679c\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u52a0\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u957f\u548c\u76f8\u6d88\u7684\u6548\u679c\u3002\u76f8\u6d88\u7684\u6548\u679c\u662f\u4e0d\u80fd\u591f\u7528\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u52a0\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u7387\u5988\u5988\u7ed9\u5b69\u5b50\u4e94\u5757\u94b1\uff0c\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6982\u7387\u7238\u7238\u7ed9\u5b69\u5b50\u5341\u5757\u94b1\uff0c\u5219\u5e73\u5747\u6765\u770b\u5b69\u5b50\u7684\u94b1\u80af\u5b9a\u5728\u4e94\u5757\u5230\u5341\u5757\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u91cf\u5b50\u7684\u5b9e\u9a8c\u544a\u8bc9\u6211\u4eec\uff0c\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\u5f97\u5230\u4e24\u5757\u94b1\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e8c\u5341\u5757\u94b1\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5728\u505a\u77e2\u91cf\u53e0\u52a0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u624d\u6709\u53ef\u80fd\uff0c\u5728\u6982\u7387\u76f8\u52a0\u7684\u65f6\u5019\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u88ab\u903c\u53c8\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u6982\u7387\u5e45\u76f8\u52a0\u7684\u5fc3\u667a\u6a21\u578b\u3002\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u6a21\u578b\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u5f62\u5f0f\u548c\u4ecb\u8d28\u4e0a\u7684\u6ce2\u5f88\u50cf\u2014\u2014\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u632f\u52a8\u65b9\u5411\u53ef\u4ee5\u505a\u77e2\u91cf\u53e0\u52a0\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u4e5f\u5c31\u4f1a\u51fa\u73b0\u4e0d\u5728\u4e94\u5757\u5230\u5341\u5757\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n

\u95ee\u9898\u53c8\u6765\u4e86\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u786e\u5b9e\u50cf\u4ecb\u8d28\u6ce2\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c31\u53c8\u8981\u95ee\uff0c\u5982\u4f55\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u77ac\u95f4\u201c\u584c\u7f29\u201d\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u770b\u5230\u5149\u5b50\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u6574\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f4\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u5176\u4ed6\u5149\u5b50\u4e86\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e2a\u770b\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\uff0c\u628a\u89c2\u6d4b\u503c\u94b1\u7684\u5176\u4ed6\u5404\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u90fd\u5177\u6709\u63a2\u6d4b\u5230\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\uff0c\u5168\u90e8\u90fd\u201c\u584c\u7f29\u201d\u5230\u4e86\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u90a3\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u4e86\u3002\u5982\u679c\u786e\u5b9e\u662f\u8fd9\u6837\uff0c\u5c06\u4f1a\u662f\u5927\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u79bb\u5149\u6e90\u5f88\u8fdc\u5f88\u8fdc\uff0c\u51e0\u767e\u4e07\u5149\u5e74\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\uff0c\u5176\u4ed6\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u5149\u5b50\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u7528\u4efb\u4f55\u65b9\u5f0f\u4f20\u64ad\u6216\u8005\u8bf4\u201c\u584c\u7f29\u201d\u5230\u89c2\u6d4b\u5230\u5149\u5b50\u7684\u65b9\u5411\u4e0a\u53bb\u3002\u8fd9\u600e\u4e48\u529e\uff1f<\/p>\n

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